Sabrina Wagner
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Manufacturing of complex biopharmaceuticals in plants is an attractive alternative to animal cell culture, and there are several
reasons for choosing the "green alternative." One reason is that the natural properties of plants can lead to improved product
quality and even increased potency. Also, there is no current capacity crunch due to increased investments in new facilities.
Cost reduction, through simple upstream and downstream processes, and safety advantages are also factors. Cultivation conditions
in photosynthetic systems are much more flexible than in animal cell culture. This includes broad temperature and pH-range
as well as low oxygen content, allowing process optimization according to protein requirements. In many cases, plant-made
pharmaceuticals allow patent avoidance, which may be another consideration in selecting a particular production system.
Production costs were a major driver of the first steps in molecular farming. Tobacco and corn were introduced for production
of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), enzymes, and other products, including lactoferrin, collagen, gelatin, and vaccines. While
it's true that it is easier to grow proteins from corn than from the leafy tissues of plants, productivity from corn does
not yield significant cost reduction. Separation of corn for molecular farming from corn for food and feed production also
is a major challenge.
Although several pharma and biotech companies run plant expression programs, none of the products has made it to market yet.
Plant-made proteins that have entered clinical trials are, for the most part, not glycosylated or administered orally, including
MAbs and fragments thereof, gastric lipase and lactoferrin as well as hepatitis B and rabies vaccines.
Containment is an important factor in choosing plant species. The measures range from simple geographical separation (as applied
to rice and safflower), to expression in chloroplasts that are not transferred by pollen, to transgenic sprouts in airlift
bioreactors to aquatic plants in photobioreactors like lemna and moss. Purification is another major criterion for selection of an expression system, as this downstream process is a major cost
factor. Expression in seeds facilitates product recovery. Product secretion into simple plant cultivation media is the most
straightforward approach, resulting in a few simple purification steps. In animal cell culture, viral contamination is avoided
by extensive virus removal, which adds to the downstream process. However, no plant viruses are human-pathogenic.
A safety issue for injectables is glycosylation and the immunogenic potential of plant-specific sugar residues. The complete
removal of the two-plant residues from the N-glycosylation pattern of plants has been achieved in moss. Homologous recombination removes the corresponding xylosyl- and
fucosyl-transferase. Moss is the only plant that shows a high frequency of homologous recombination, allowing this direct
approach. Galactosyltransferase has been successfully introduced in different plant species, including moss, resulting in
terminal galactosylation, which is typical for MAbs. The degree of galactosylation and the lack of fucose allow production
of MAbs with increased effector function, such as increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
